Student Self-Assessment 2 Printable (3rd - 6th Grade)

Student Self-Assessment 2 Printable (3rd - 6th Grade) Use this assessment worksheet with your students to help them describe an assignment they had and what they learned. Your students will be asked to review what they learned as well as show what strategy they used before completing the activity in question. This can be used as is or modified to fit your individual lesson or activity. Scott Foresman, an imprint of Pearson Grade: 3 ||| 6 Subjects: Mathematics (4,998) TYPE: Worksheets (13,378) Activities (2,943) Holidays: Mathematics Education Month (262) Scott Foresman, an imprint of Pearson, the world's leading elementary educational publisher. Its line of educational resources supports teachers and helps schools and districts meet demands for adequate yearly progress and reporting.

Analysis of Toyotas Marketing Strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2376 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Analysis of Toyotas Marketing Strategy Toyota Motor Corporation Profile According to Toyota Global (2015) Toyota is a worldwide Japanese automotive corporation headquartered in Aichi, Japan. Toyota was founded in August 28 1937 by founder Kiichiro Toyoda. Marketing Strategy Fifield (2012) claims there are countless meanings for the term Marketing Strategy. Fifield (2012) accumulates and provides a number of meanings from various authors for the term Marketing Strategy. But the most captivating definition from Fifields (2012) research was from an author named Craven. Fifield (2012, p.xxiv) quotes Cravens definition of a marketing strategy in which he defines it as a process that involves strategically analysing environmental, competitive as well as business factors that affect business units and forecasting future trends in business areas of interest to the company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of Toyotas Marketing Strategy" essay for you Create order Penetration Pricing Marketing Strategy A marketing strategy currently used by Toyota is a strategy called penetration pricing (See Appendix A). Ferrell and Hartline (2010) reveal that the purpose of the penetration pricing marketing strategy is to maximise sales and to attain widespread market share within the market a company is competing in. Ferrell and Hartline (2010)also bring to light that the penetration pricing marketing strategy has the objective of capturing a large market share rapidly by setting low prices for products that a company sells. Furthermore Ferrell and Hartline (2010) claim that penetration pricing is best executed when consumers are sensitive towards the price of the product. Harrison and John (2013) highlight Toyotas usage of the penetration pricing marketing strategy which states that Toyota sell their cars in the low end of the price spectrum. This strategy caters to the price sensitive consumers. Whats more Wood (2007) exemplifies Toyotas use of the penetration pricing marketing strateg y when Toyota introduced their Yaris Subcompact car production to the Europe market. Wood (2007) highlights that Toyotas usage of the penetration pricing marketing strategy for their Yaris car production enabled the corporation to compete with other well-known automotive companies such as Ford, Volkswagen, Renault and Vauxhall. Guerrilla Marketing Strategy Another marketing strategy used by Toyota is a marketing strategy called the guerrilla strategy (See Appendix B). Boone and Kurtz (2014) inform that guerrilla marketing involves companies using unconventional techniques to attract consumer attention. Boone and Kurtz (2014) also regard the guerrilla marketing strategy as a fairly new marketing technique, in addition Boone and Kurtz (2014) reveal that the strategy is normally used by companies that do not have financial resources for other well-known or more effective marketing strategies. What is more Boone and Kurtz (2014) bring forward that established companies such as Toyota and Pepsi also employ the guerrilla marketing strategy even though such companies have the financial capacity to implement more effective marketing strategies. Boyles (2008) acknowledges Toyotas incorporation of the guerrilla marketing strategy which outlines that Toyotas main reason for using the guerrilla marketing strategy is to attract the younger cro wd i.e. young adults. Boyles (2008) also points out that companies such as Toyota conduct this strategy by placing advertisements on objects that are used everyday e.g. food or drink packaging. What is more Boyles (2008) goes further by revealing that companies such as Toyota use alternative methods for the guerrilla marketing strategy such as placing advertisements in locations where people commute frequently. Social Media Marketing Strategy A further strategy currently used by Toyota is the social media marketing strategy (See Appendix C). Marketing via use of social media is considered a contemporary strategy in the marketing world and is also considered a very effective marketing strategy. Many companies in this day age are now taking advantage of the social media marketing strategy such as Toyota. Zarrella (2009) notifies that social media marketing involves the usage of web technologies. Zarella (2009) also points out that social media web technologies include activities such as blogging, social networks (such as Facebook and LinkedIn) and media sharing sites (such as Flickr and YouTube). Tybout and Calde, (2010) present a detailed example of Toyotas usage of the social media marketing strategy. Tybout and Calde (2010) exemplify Toyotas usage of the social media strategy marketing by unveiling Toyotas affiliation with a company called iCrossing. Tybout and Calde (2010) go further by acknowledging iCrossings rol e in building awareness of Toyotas IQ city car which was released by Toyota in 2008. Tybout and Calde, (2010) declare that iCrossing is a UK based company who specialise in digital marketing. Additionally Tybout and Calde, (2010) mention that iCrossing helped to promote Toyotas IQ car model via the use of a campaign called the The Hypermiling Campaign. Hypermiler (2015) is an online community that focuses on providing fuel saving advice. iCrossings assistance in promoting the IQ car production helped Toyota to generate positive anticipation amongst the communitys online users. Tybout and Calde, (2010) continue by talking about Toyotas IQ blogging site which was created specifically for the IQ car production. Tybout and Calde, (2010) carry on by disclosing Toyotas increase in traffic on their blogging site which increased by more than 212 percent as a result of their affiliation with iCrossing. Tybout and Calde, (2010) lecture on how the social media marketing strategy has enabled Toyota to reach new audiences through the use of alternative social media marketing techniques such as blog posting, Flickr and Twitter. Tybout and Calde, (2010) conclude by addressing an additional technique used by Toyota in the social media realm which is the integration of their online newsroom with social media outlets such as YouTube, Flickr and Twitter. The result of this marketing technique integration has allowed the web community to access Toyotas images, videos, activities and anything else associated with Toyota. Trade Show Marketing Strategy The last strategy used by Toyota is trade show marketing strategy (See Appendix D). This marketing strategy is used by many well-known automotive companies within the car industry. Trade show marketing involves companies exhibiting their new product(s) or service(s). SÃÆ' ¶ilen (2013) describes trade show marketing as person to person, information exchange and selling. SÃÆ' ¶ilen (2013) proceeds by stating that trade shows involve the gathering and distribution of information. Toyota uses this particular strategy to exhibit new car productions. An example of Toyotas trade show marketing strategy is their collaboration with a German company called B+s exhibitions. B+s exhibitions (2015) illustrate the partnership between the two companies where they present galleries as well as video footage of Toyotas trade shows. Toyota and b+s exhibitions have worked together since the early 1980s. B+s exhibitions are a company who have been specialising in trade shows for over 40 years where one of their primary focuses is trade show marketing for top automotive companies all around the world. Recommendations to Improve Toyotas Marketing Strategies Penetration Pricing Marketing Strategy Improvement Based on the findings, Toyota could improve their penetration pricing marketing strategy by initially selling their cars at a low price then slowly increasing their prices once they have established a strong clientele on any new production they release. As mentioned earlier companies use the penetration strategy to attain widespread market share within the market they are competing in. What this means is companies such as Toyota using the penetration pricing strategy are trying to build a strong clientele which Toyota achieved many times over the years with the various car productions they have released. Holden and Burton (2010) address this issue in which they write about the problems that can arise from the penetration pricing strategy. First Holden and Burton (2010) tackle the issue of customers who come to companies such as Toyota based on price where they highlight such customers as being the first to leave once another competitor enters the market. What is more Holden and Burton (2010) state that competing with competitors based on price is the least sustainable competitive advantage strategy to have. Even though Toyota has been one of the worlds leading automotive competitors for many years it is imperative to take such precautions into consideration for the reason that they could sooner or later find themselves in such a situation. The tactic of starting off with low price then slowing increasing the price could help sustain the companys competitive advantage years down the line. Guerrilla Marketing Strategy Improvement Toyota could improve their guerrilla marketing strategy by integrating their guerrilla marketing strategy with their social media marketing strategy. Levinson and Gibson (2010) speak about the effectiveness of combining the two marketing strategies. Levinson and Gibson (2010) delve into how guerrilla marketing strategy is able operate alongside the social media marketing strategy by noting the cost aspect of combining the two marketing strategies. They reveal that creating a social media platform requires zero fees. Levinson and Gibson (2010) carry on by discussing that all guerrilla marketers should take advantage of this idea as it gives guerrilla marketers such as Toyota the opportunity to maximise their brand to a wider audience. Social Media Marketing Strategy Improvement Based on the findings Toyota has already constructed a solid social media marketing strategy. However Toyota could improve their social media marketing strategy as a way to study their competitors. West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) bring to light how the social media marketing strategy can useful weapon when analysing your competition. West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) provide an insight on how the social media strategy is a contemporary tool for monitoring and gathering information about competitors within your market segments. Moreover West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) go further by making a note of the type of information that can be gathered about competitors where information can include competitor brands, strengths, weaknesses and strategic decisions. Additionally West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) present an extra commodity where they state corporations such as Toyota can employ specialist firms to analyse competitors on their behalf. Having access to such information would provide Toyota with ammunition which they can then use to get a better understanding of the market they are competing in. Trade Show Marketing Strategy improvement Toyota could improve their trade show marketing strategy by integrating their trade show and social media strategies together. Executing their social media strategy before and during their trade shows would help Toyota to improve traffic and awareness of their trade shows. Stratten and Kramer (2012) bring to attention that social media is one of the best ways to increase traffic at a trade shows. This can be done is by engaging in social media before and during the event. Stratten and Kramer (2012) offer an example of this tactic by saying that users of the trade show marketing strategy could use a social media outlet such as Twitter for their trade shows by using the hashtag tool. According to Chen et al. (2014) the hashtag tool is a feature on social media that is used to identify messages by topic. Stratten and Kramer (2012) continue by explaining that the use of hashtags enable the hosts of trade shows to see what people are saying about their conferences. This tactic can be carried out days or weeks before the event. Conclusion Research has revealed how instrumental marketing strategies can be to a companys success. Additionally the report has shown how various marketing strategies play different roles to elicit varied results. Research has also illustrated how marketing strategies can be the catalyst to a companys longevity and possess the power to separate successful companies from unsuccessful companies. What is more from research conducted it can be seen that even established companies such as Toyota still have room for improvement as development is a never ending process. Overall the report has helped to discover how Toyota has attained their current status within the automotive market. Toyota is good example of a company that executes effective marketing strategies. The marketing strategies outlined in the report have helped to expose how Toyota has had such a strong force in the automotive market over the years. References Boone, L. and Kurtz, D. (2014). Contemporary Marketing. ArkansasBoyles, D. (2008). The Corporate Assault on Youth. New York: Peter Lang B+s exhibitions (2015). b+s exhibitions GmbH |. [online] Available at: https://wordpress.bs-exhibitions.de/?lang=en Chen, Y., Balke, W., Xu, J., Xu, W., Jin, P., Lin, X., Tang, T. and Hwang, E. (2014). Web-age information management. Macau: Springer. Ferrell, O. and Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing Strategy. 6th ed. Erin Joyne. Fifield, P. (2012). Marketing Strategy. 2nd ed. The Chartered Institute of Marketing Harrison, J. and St. John, C. (2013). Foundations in strategic management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. olden, R. and Burton, M. (2010). Pricing with Confidence. Somerset: Wiley. Hypermiler (2015). Hypermiler.co.uk, Hypermiling News, Techniques Tips. [online] Available at: https://www.hypermiler.co.uk/ Levinson, J. and Gibson, S. (2010). Guerrilla Marketing for Social Media: 100+ Weapons to Grown Your Online Inf luence, Attract Customers and Drive Profits. Entrepreneur Press. Solberg SÃÆ'ƒÂ ¸ilen, K. (2013). Exhibit marketing and trade show intelligence. Berlin: Springer. Stratten, S. and Kramer, A. (2012). UnMarketing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Toyota Global (2015). Toyota Global Site | Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.toyota-global.com/company/profile/overview/ Tybout, A. and Calder, B. (2010). Kellogg on Marketing. 2nd ed. Illinois. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wood, M. (2007). Essential guide to marketing planning. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Zarrella, D. (2015). The Social Media Marketing Book. Sebastopol: OReilly Media. Bibliography Conway, A. (2015). Beijing Auto Trade Show Toyota Unveil its new Concept. [online] Auto-Types.com. Available at: https://www.auto-types.com/autonews/beijing-auto-trade-show-toyota-unveil-its-new-concept-8598.html Global, T. (2015). Toyota Global. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/user/TOYOTAglobal Lum, R. (2012). Toyota: Protect Whats Behind You. [online] Creative Guerrilla Marketing. Available at: https://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/guerrilla-marketing/toyota-protect-whats-behind-you/ Seymour, R., Haddon, E. and Brownlee, S. (2012). Hot looks and Cool Connections with New Toyota Aygo Fire and Ice UK Media Site. [online] Media.toyota.co.uk. Available at: https://media.toyota.co.uk/2012/02/hot-looks-and-cool-connections-with-new-toyota-aygo-fire-and-ice/ Appendix A: Penetration Pricing Marketing Strategy Example Model Transmission OTR Price Aygo 1.0 VVT-i 3dr 5MT  £8,495 Aygo 1.0 VVT-i 5dr 5MT  £8,850 Aygo+ 1.0 VVT-i 3dr 5MT  £9,095 Aygo+ 1.0 VVT-i 3dr M/M  £9,595 Aygo+ 1.0 VVT-i 5dr 5MT  £9,495 Aygo+ 1.0 VVT-i 5dr M/M  £9,950 Aygo Ice 1.0 VVT-i 3dr 5MT  £9,895 Aygo Ice 1.0 VVT-i 3dr M/M  £10,395 Aygo Ice 1.0 VVT-i 5dr 5MT  £10,250 Aygo Ice 1.0 VVT-i 5dr M/M  £10,750 Aygo Fire 1.0 VVT-i 3dr 5MT  £9,595 Aygo Fire 1.0 VVT-i 5dr 5MT  £9,950 Aygo Fire 1.0 VVT-i 3dr + AC 5MT  £10,095 Aygo Fire 1.0 VVT-i 3dr + AC M/M  £10,595 Aygo Fire 1.0 VVT-i 5dr + AC 5MT  £10,450 Aygo Fire 1.0 VVT-i 5dr + AC M/M  £10,950 Sourced from Toyota UK Media, 2012 Appendix B: Guerrilla Marketing Strategy Example Sourced from Creative Guerrilla Marketing, 2012 Appendix C: Social Media Marketing Strategy Example Sourced from YouTube, 2015 Appendix D: Trade Show Marketing Strategy Example Sourced from Auto Types, 2015

Statement Of Philosophy. Record Your Statements Of Philosophy

Statement of Philosophy Record your statements of philosophy of Nursing and of personal philosophy. Explain how these are reflected the values, vision, and personal interests that you recorded in your â€Å"My Vision and Interests† tool. My personal philosophy of nursing is to assist all my patients and their families during this crisis of illness and improve to their outcomes, using only the best nursing practices. Although their hospital stay may be unpreventable I can better facilitate their journey to a better state of health. My personal philosophy also includes pursuing my education to improve my nursing practice. Learning from my patients, families and my peers on this journey will allow opportunity for growth and knowledge. The†¦show more content†¦Goals must be stated in measurable terms, i.e., how can you tell you have accomplished that goal? Identify dates for accomplishing each goal. Setting goals is what drives people to growth and change within themselves. If one fails to dream and sets goals, it is unlikely the will grow or change (Scott, 2014). Allowing myself to set goals is a personal commitment and a drive to make change. Growing, educating and knowledge with time allows one to feel safe to dream and thrive to make better and larger goals. My first goal after obtaining my BSN in April 2017 is to work on myself and my family. In my career, my goal will be to work on my clinical ladder and seek ways to improve myself and my facility. There are many committees I would like to join and be a part of at work. I know I will have reached my goal when I have moved up several levels on the clinical ladder. My plans for professional development in the next three to 10 - 15 years will still be working at the bedside spreading my knowledge to others who are willing to learn. If financially I am able I would like to pursue my MSN. Being a leader is something that inspi res me and I wish to be knowledgeable enough to help and teach others later in life. The final goal would be to not retire, but to cut down to part time and remain at the bedside. I would love to travel and volunteer my time to others in need of healthcare outside of the US. I will know I have reached this goal when I am at peaceShow MoreRelatedDesigning an Early Childhood Program1156 Words   |  5 Pagesdesigning an early childhood program, the first step would be to assess the need in your community. You need to determine what is missing in your community and then offer a solution. The next step would be to develop your program philosophy. This will let people know how you plan on addressing the need and what values you will be instilling in the children you serve. 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FTIR Spectroscopy

Question: Describe FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Explain why both the techniques are preferred to other characterisation techniques for analysis of Biomaterials. You are provided four different spectra. Interpret the spectra by identifying the key spectral peaks and describe in detail, how you have reached your conclusion in identifying the materials from the unknown spectra. Answer: Introduction FTIR Spectroscopy The endeavours of every absorption spectroscopy like ultraviolet-visible ("UV-Vis") spectroscopy, FTIR, etc. is to determine how efficiently a sample absorbs light at every wavelength (FTIR Applied to Biological Systems, 2007). The most common is the "Dispersive Spectroscopy" technique, this is to gleam a monochromatic light in the form of beams at a sample, then measure the amount of the light absorbed, and repeat this technique for different wavelength. Fourier transform (FTIR) spectroscopy is a less spontaneous way to get the same information. Instead of falling on a monochromatic beam at the sample, this technique falls a beam containing numerous number of frequencies of light at the same time, and measures the amount of the beam that is absorbed by the sample (Berthomieu and Hienerwadel, 2009). After that, the beam is changed and modified which have a different combination of frequencies, giving a second observation data. This process re-occurrs many times. Later, a computer compares all these data and conclude the value of absorption at each wavelength. The beam explained above is produced by initiating with alight source of broadbandthat is the one consists of the full spectrum of different wavelengths to be measured. The light falls into aMichelson interferometer, that comprises of a mirror and its movement is controlled by a motor (Snchez-de-la-Llave, 2009). Since this mirror moves, every beam of light with different waveleng th cyclically blocked and transmitted, then again blocked and transmitted, because ofwave interference, by the interferometer. Contrasting wavelengths are amended at different rates, to get the different spectrum of each beam that is emitted out of the interferometer. Computer processing is obligatory to get the desired result (light absorbed at each wavelength) from the raw data (light absorbed at each position of the mirror). The processing needs to be turned out to a common algorithm known as theFourier transform hence it is named "Fourier transform spectroscopy". The unprocessed or raw data are at times called an "interferogram" (Hanley, 2012). FTIR spectroscopygives alike, but opposite, information (Infrared Spectroscopy, 1968). FTIR spectra tells the composition of gases, liquids and solids. The most frequent use is in the detection of unknown sample and evidence of manufacture sample (outgoing or incoming). The information material is very precise in most of the cases, explaining fine differences between like materials or sample. FTIR is less time consuming and this property makes it useful, particularly in screening applications. The entire scope of FTIR applications is wide-ranging. Clinical applications of FTIR Clinical applications of FTIR include the Deformulation of rubbers, polymers, etc., throughout (TGA-IR) thermogravimetric infra-red or (GC-IR) gas chromatography infra-red examination, Quality confirmation of outgoing / incoming samples, Analysis of coatings and thin films, supervising the automotive emissions (NORRISH, 1960). FTIR is highly sensitive and fast method to attain spectrum of high quality, this spectroscopy provides superior signal to noise ratio as contrast to the other dispersive instrument, spectrum can be attained very rapidly and saves time, gases, liquids as well as solids can be examined with FTIR, no external calibration is needed and provides accurate results. It is a non-destructive spectroscopic technique, Inorganic compounds as well as organic compounds can be identified effortlessly using this technique, Mechanical breakdown is almost nil in this spectroscopy as compared to others as a mirror is the only part moving in FTIR. Instantaneous analysis can be mad e for various gaseous compounds, FTIR can recognize even contaminants with small concentrations, it generally takes about 1 to 2 seconds for scanning, with High resolution. Raman Spectroscopy After SirC. V. Raman, Raman spectroscopyis named. It is atechnique of spectroscopy that is used to examine the vibrational, rotational, and other modes with low-frequency in a system (Raman Spectroscopy, 2006).Raman spectroscopy is usually used in chemistry to give a fingerprint of molecules for its identification. It is based onRaman scattering, or inelastic scattering, generally from alaserin thevisible,near UV, or near IRrange, ofmonochromaticlight. The laser interacts with photons, molecular vibrations or other excitations in the system, which results in the shifting that is up or down on energy of the laser. The vibrational movement in the system can be identified by the shift in energy.Normally, a sample is elucidated through a laser beam. From the illuminated speck Electromagnetic emission is gathered by means of alens and transmitted all the way through a monochromatic. Expandable scattered rays at the wavelength equivalent to the laser column (Rayleigh scattering) is passed through a filter, whereas the rest of the accumulated light is disseminated on top of a detector by either a band pass filter or a notch filter (Chukov, 2012). The Raman Effect takes place after electromagnetic radiation interrupts on aparticleand intermingled with theelectronmass which can be polarized and thebondsof the particle is in the either phase (liquid, solid or gaseous) and the atmosphere in which the particle come across it. For the spontaneo us as well as the impulsive Raman effect, which is a type of rigid inelasticlight scattering, aphoton(electromagnetic waves of a definite wavelength) stimulates (work together with) the particle in whichever the position, Rovibronic Situation (least possible rotational in addition to the vibrational force level of the position electronic situation) or an Agitated Rovibronic Status. As a consequence, in the particle, in a professedvirtual vigor state,for a diminutive time period before a rigid and inelastically speckled photon shows result. The inelastically scattered photon which was found as a result and is emitted or scattered might be of any form, i.e. minor(Stokes)otherwise advanced (anti-Stokes) power than the received photon. Spontaneous as well as impulsive Raman scatteringis characteristically very feeble, and as a consequence the major complexity of Raman spectroscopy is straightening out the fragile inelastically scattered light from the concentrated Rayleigh scattered laser light. In the past, Ramanspectrometerswere used holographic gratingsas well as numerous scattering stages to attain an elevated degree of rejection of laser. Earlier,the choice of detectorswas photomultipliers that were used for dispersive Raman units, long acquisition times came out as a result. On the other hand, recent instrumentation commonly makes use ofa mark or edging filte rsintended for laser rejection along with spectrographs either axial transmissive (AT),FT (Fourier transform spectroscopybased) or CzernyTurner (CT) monochromator as well asCCDdetectors (Levi, Minghetti and Aloisi, 1998). Forms of Raman spectroscopy There are numerous highly developed form of Raman spectroscopy, together withsurface-enhanced Raman, tip-enhanced Raman, resonance Raman, polarized Raman, hyper Raman, transmission Raman, stimulated Raman (analogous tostimulated emission) and spatially offset Raman. In Raman scattering spectroscopy the out coming vibronic state of the particle has a different vibrational or rotationalthan in which the molecule was, initially, before colliding with the upcoming photon (in the form of electromagnetic radiation). The Raman effect is because of inelastic scattering as well as it should not be puzzled with emission (that includes fluorescenceorphosphorescence) in which a particle in an excited electronic state give off an energy in the form of photon and came back to the ground electronic state (Boter and Toet, 2010). If the concluding vibrational state of the particle is more energetic or vigorous than the initial state, the inelasticity of the scattered photon will be changed to a lower frequency to maintain the total energy of system balanced. This change in frequency is appointed as aStokes shift (Yang, Henderson and O'Donnell, 1993). If the last vibrational state energy is of a smaller amount than the initial state, then the inelastically of scattered photon will be changed or shifted to a frequency with higher value, and this is known as an anti-Stokes shift. Raman scattering is an example of inelastic scattering and Rayleigh scattering is an example of elastic scattering (Caronna, Natali and Cupane, 2005). Clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy Clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy include the Bio-compatibility, Drug/cell interactions, Metabolic accretions, Cell sorting, Disease diagnosis, Photodynamic therapy (PDT), Bone structure, characterization of bio-molecules, Single cell analysis, DNA/RNA analysis (Kashtan, 2006). Advantages include that it can be used with solids and liquids, not interfered by water, sample preparation is not needed, it is also non-destructive, highly specific for example a chemical fingerprint of a sample. Raman spectra are obtained quickly within seconds, samples can be examined through polymer packaging or glass, Raman scattered light can be transferred over long distances by optical fibers for remote analysis, even for very small volume Raman spectra can be used, Inorganic samples can be analyzed easily by this spectroscopy. Above applications of both the spectroscopy make them preferred over other spectroscopy for analysis of biomaterials. Solution Of Graphs Graph A Peak at the 1730.71 cm-1 interprets the absorption band of fatty acid ester. The band at 1597.33 cm-1 shows the C=N, NH2 groups in the compound, whereas the peak at 1446.67 cm-1 interprets the CH2 bending made of proteins and the lipids, it also shows protein peak in the sample. The peak at 1367.37 cm-1 demonstrates the C-O stretching, deformation of C-H and deformation of N-H. The peak at 1310.22 cm-1, proves the presence of amide III. The band at 1018.51 interprets the occurrence of ring structure in the sample. Peak at 750.69 cm-1 show out of plane bending of CH2, 6. Based on the above information it is concluded that, sample contains ring structure, C-H, C=N, NH2, C-O, and N-H groups, and the material is Polyurethane. Graph B Peak at the 1664.87 cm-1 shows the occurrence of amide I, C=O group of cytosine, uracil. The band at the 1549.73 cm-1 shows the amide II of proteins is present in sample material. Value 1417.38 cm-1 interprets the stretching of C-N, deformation of C-H and N-H group. Both the value that is 1264.34 cm-1 and 1107.04 cm-1 interprets the occurrence of ring structure. Band at 1243.5 cm-1 interprets the presence of asymmetric phosphate [PO2- (asym.)], amide III of collagen. Band at 875.54 shows the antisymmetric stretch vibration of choline group N+ (CH3) 3. The peak value at 484.09 cm-1 and 1023.19 cm-1 both shows the glycogen occurrence. Based on this interpretation the sample material is supposed to be the compound of hydroxyapatite and polymer. Graph C The peak at 1620.89 cm-1 shows the C=C pophyrin in the sample. Value of 1540.74 cm-1 shows the amide carbonyl group. The peak value at 1446.04 cm-1 interprets the CH2 bending made of proteins and lipids, and the CH2 deformation. Occurrence of ring structure is shown by the peak at 1263.94 cm-1 and the peak at 786.62 cm-1. The band at 1119.27 cm-1 and 868.54 cm-1 shows the C-C stretching. The above information suggested that sample material is Polyurethane of Raman. Graph D The peak value at 717.76 cm-1 shows the presence C-N group (membrane phospholipid head), and the lipids. The band at 583.20 cm-1 interprets the OH- group out of the plane, bending, free. The value 428.59 cm-1 suggested the symmetric stretching vibration of PO43- (phosphate of HA). On the basis of above information it is interpreted that sample D of Raman is bone. Recent Researches Recent Researches in Raman Spectroscopy In the Raman spectroscopy chemists glow a laser on a molecule that are in small group and then calculate the amount of light which bounced back. Thephotons that are the energy packetsfrom the source of light make the molecules vibrate as well as interact with the attachments that grip molecules collectively causing a change or shift into their frequencyit is the type of scattering which results or values is unique for every type of particle and therefore permits for the system or technique to be utilized as a means of classifying the types of molecule. Recent researches includes that with the help of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) weak Raman signals can be detected (Kudelski, 2006). One of the main benefits of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is that it can be utilized to examine trace amounts of sample material though still having characteristics of non-destructive. It works also in ambient conditions; it has a wider range of wave number as well as it can be utilized in different fields from electrochemistry to materials sciences. Its shell or surface sensitivity makes it to be used for examining and analysis of organic systems including the biological systems. It is helpful also for a various real-life applications, for example, detecting warfare agents of chemicals. It has applications in medical field also that it is being utilized in biosensors to identify biological samples, even including those that are involved in Alzheimers disease as well as in cancer (Wood, 2012). It is also being capable to be used in fra ud detection. As an example, it identifies dyes in paintings, even at low concentrations and therefore helps to date them as well as it, therefore validate them. Pittcon in this year, the worlds biggest annual conference as well as an exhibition for laboratory science, takes place from the 6th-10th March in Atlanta, Georgia. With remarkable technical program, the occasion featured presentation more than 2000. Along with, topics that included the utilization of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for detection of fragile raman signals. HORIBA has established a Raman spectroscopy system and designing as well as manufacturing them for more than four decades. Research of the capability of Raman spectroscopy for detection of oral cancer in surgical margins. The poor prediction of Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OCSCC) patients is related with left over tumor even after surgery (Maund and Jefferies, 2015). Raman spectroscopy has the capability to present a purpose of intra-operative assessment of the surgical fringes. The aim was to be aware of the biased basis of Raman spectroscopy at a level of histologically. In whole, 127 false or pseudo-color images of Raman were produced from thin tissue sections that are unstained of 25 samples (14 healthy and 11 OCSCC) out of 10 patients. These descriptions were evidently related to the histopathological evaluation of the similar sections after eosin-staining and hematoxylin staining. In this manner, Raman spectra were explained as surrounding healthy tissue structure (i.e., connective tissue (CT), squamous epithelium, adipose tissue, gland, muscle, or nerve) or as Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Car cinoma (OCSCC). These explained that spectra were utilized as input for LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) models to differentiate between healthy tissue spectra and OCSCC spectra. A record was obtained with 632 healthy tissue spectra and 88 Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma or OCSCC spectra. The Linear Discriminant Analysis or LDA models could differentiate spectra of OCSCC from the spectra of nerve, gland, connective tissue (CT), adipose tissue, muscle, and squamous epithelium in 97%, 94%, 93%, 100%, 100%, and 75%of the cases, respectively (CUI and JI, 2009). More particularly, the composition and structure that were most frequently confused with OCSCC or Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma were basal layers of epithelium, dysplastic epithelium, connective tissue close to OCSCC, inflammation- and capillary-rich CT, and glandular tissue that is close to OCSCC (Cuneo and Castoldi, 2011). Studies show that how well Raman spectroscopy facilitates comparison between adjoining healthy tissue and OCSCC structures. This information supports the growth of strong and trustworthy classification algorithms for an upcoming performance of Raman spectroscopy in clinical practice. Recent Researches in FTIR Spectroscopy The research in this field is that the gas sensors with Ultra-sensitive fiber-optic are improved by metal and organic materials (Rao, Zhu and Mo, 2006). Most industrial mid-IR (2.510m wavelength) has technologies of gas-sensing that is based on a counter or bench top Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) gas cells and spectrometers. These instruments are large and costly, therefore making them inappropriate for portable or applications of distributed sensing. The telecommunication optical industry has, though, built up minuscule near-IR (NIR, having wavelength 0.82.0m) optoelectronic devices and the optical fibers that are highly and have low cost (An ultrathin film as near-perfect IR absorber, 2013). This has lead to a significant increase of the rate in the progress of NIR sensors. The major confront lies in the reality that maximum number of gases do not have NIR regions with basic vibration bands. Thus the absorption necessarily comes from the association of the number of fundamental bands of vibration, therefore resulting in comparatively lower sensitivity of detection. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer) meets fire testing requirements for analysis of toxicity of gas. One of the main dangerous parts of a fire is the gases that are toxic in nature that can occur from the combustion process. To keep life, save and build up safer objects for trains, airplanes, and buildings, it is important to discover and evaluate the gases that are discharged when materials and products are burning. Landmark systems of FTIR microscopy get significant developments. Agilent Technologies, Incorporationinitiated considerable enhancements to itsFourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) Cary 610 and 620 microscopes. These revolutionary Fourier transform infrared spectrometer microscopy systems are proposed for eventual performance, contributing the major field of observation at the maximum spatial resolution in the such a small period of time. The instrument is deliberated for use in a vast range of functions and applications, that includes biomedical materials, food, polymers, forensics, chemical and pharmaceutical. Single detection of molecule of explosives, contaminants or diseases is now possible (Ishii and Yanagida, 2000). A procedure to merge the ultra sensitivity of shell or surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) having a slippery surface originated by researchers of Penn State will make it possible to sense single molecules of various numbers of biological and chemical species from solid, liquid or gas samples. This grouping of laser-based spectroscopy and slippery surface will unlock new applications in analytical molecular diagnostics, chemistry, national security and environmental monitoring. Conclusion FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy has various advantages. It is easy to identify the biomaterial using these techniques as they are fast, can identify even small concentration of samples and also it is helpful in detecting the contaminants in the sample. There is a vast scope of both the spectroscopy, as in recent researches it is proved that how it helps in a number of fields that include medical, chemical, pharmacy, engineering, geology. With the help of these techniques it is even possible to detect the differences caused by diseases. Number of researches are still in progress to find the new aspects of FTIR and the Raman spectroscopy. The future of FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy is wide in relation to the biomaterials. As various syndromes can be identified by these techniques. References An ultrathin film as near-perfect IR absorber. (2013). Phys. Today. Berthomieu, C. and Hienerwadel, R. (2009). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Photosynth Res, 101(2-3), pp.157-170. Boter, H. and Toet, H. (2010). Organophosphorus compounds I: The preparation of some aryl phosph(orothiol)ates and aryl phosphon(othiol)ates. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 84(10), pp.1279-1283. Caronna, C., Natali, F. and Cupane, A. (2005). Incoherent elastic and quasi-elastic neutron scattering investigation of hemoglobin dynamics. Biophysical Chemistry, 116(3), pp.219-225. Chukov, V. (2012). Oscillations of a statistical scattering in the Rayleigh limit and the Rayleigh law violation. Ultrasonics, 52(1), pp.5-11. CUI, Z. and JI, X. (2009). Feature selection based on linear discriminant analysis. Journal of Computer Applications, 29(10), pp.2781-2785. Cuneo, A. and Castoldi, G. (2011). Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology, (3). FTIR Applied to Biological Systems. (2007). Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC, 29(4). Hanley, Q. (2012). Fourier Transforms Simplified: Computing an Infrared Spectrum from an Interferogram. J. Chem. Educ., 89(3), pp.391-396. Infrared Spectroscopy. (1968). Nature, 218(5136), pp.49-49. Ishii, Y. and Yanagida, T. (2000). Single Molecule Detection in Life Sciences. Single Molecules, 1(1), pp.5-16. Jinda, T. (1991). Preparation and properties of highly dyeable aramid fiber. Sen'i Gakkaishi, 47(11), pp.621-624. Kashtan, H. (2006). Salvage photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 3(1), p.17. Kudelski, A. (2006). New Trends in the Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ChemInform, 37(2). Levi, G., Minghetti, L. and Aloisi, F. (1998). Regulation of prostanoid synthesis in microglial cells and effects of prostaglandin E2 on microglial functions. Biochimie, 80(11), pp.899-904. Maund, I. and Jefferies, S. (2015). Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx and upper oesophagus. Medicine, 43(4), pp.197-201. NORRISH, R. (1960). Infra-Red Frequency Shifts. Nature, 187(4732), pp.142-142. Raman Spectroscopy. (2006). Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC, 28(3). Rao, Y., Zhu, T. and Mo, Q. (2006). Highly sensitive fiber-optic torsion sensor based on an ultra-long-period fiber grating. Optics Communications, 266(1), pp.187-190. Snchez-de-la-Llave, D. (2009). Multiple beam Michelson-based interferometer. Optical Engineering, 48(8), p.085601. Wood, H. (2012). Alzheimer disease: Prostaglandin E2 signalling is implicated in inflammation early in the Alzheimer disease course. Nature Reviews Neurology. Yang, F., Henderson, B. and O'Donnell, K. (1993). The origin of the Stokes shift. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 185(1-4), pp.362-365.

What makes Romeo and Juliet a tragedy, and who or what is responsible for it Essay Example

What makes Romeo and Juliet a tragedy, and who or what is responsible for it? Essay The author of the play Romeo and Juliet is William Shakespeare. It was written between 1594 and 1596. The play is a tragedy. This means a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (as destiny) and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror. The main people affected in this play are Romeo and Juliet because they are the ones who die as a result of the situation they are in. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy because there is a feud between two families and two people from these families fall in love with each other and get married in secret. In the end they both kill themselves due to circumstances that I am going to explain in this essay. The Prince of Verona didnt play a big part in the deaths of the main characters because all he did was banish Romeo from Verona. After Mercutio and Tybalt were killed he said And for that offence/ immediately we do exile him hence.I will be deaf to pleading and excuses,/ Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses:/ Therefore use none. This is when he finds out Romeo has killed Tybalt. The Prince tells Romeo not to give any excuses because he wont take any of the reasons into account. This ban from the city caused many problems for Romeo and Juliet because they could not see each other. We will write a custom essay sample on What makes Romeo and Juliet a tragedy, and who or what is responsible for it? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What makes Romeo and Juliet a tragedy, and who or what is responsible for it? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What makes Romeo and Juliet a tragedy, and who or what is responsible for it? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think Paris is one of the least responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because he never played a big part in medalling with their lives. Even though he agreed to marry Juliet he didnt think twice that she wasnt ready for marriage or even the face that she had never met him before. There are no quotes that I can use to support my thoughts. When Romeo came back to Verona when he had heard that Juliet was dead Paris challenged him to a fight at Juliets tomb. He thought that Romeo was there to destroy the tomb. Romeo ends up taking up the challenge and killing him. Fate is one of the least responsible reasons for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Although it played a part in the tragedy it wasnt one of the major factors of the suicides. It was fate that the teenagers met each other. They met at a party at the Capulets house. Romeo was walking through the streets of Verona when he came across one of the Capulets servants. The servant said to Romeo, God gi god-den. I pray sir, can you read? The servant is basically asking Romeo if he can read the invitation to the Capulets party. He is then told to come if he is not a Montague. An big part that fate plays though is when Friar Lawrence asks Friar John to send a letter to Romeo telling him about the reunion of him and Juliet. Unfortunately this letter could not be delivered to Romeo because of the plague going round at that time, (nobody was allowed to cross into Mantua). This was a big reason for the deaths because the note that Friar Lawrence had given to Friar John could not be delivered to Romeo so he hears that Juliet has killed herself. In a way Mercutio is partly responsible for the deaths of his best friend and Juliet. The reason for this is because he said, Heres my fiddlestick, heres that shall make you dance./ Zounds, consort! He is challenging Tybalt to a fight. He goes on to say O calm, dishonourable, vile submission!/ Alla stoccata carries it away. Tybalt, you rat-catcher, will you walk? In this quote Mercutio is basically saying to Tybalt Are you going to fight me or walk away? Tybalt decides to challenge him and the result is Tybalt kills Mercutio. After that Romeo kills Tybalt. This will be explained properly in the ext paragraph. Tybalt is equally responsible as Mercutio for the death of his cousin and Romeo. When Mercutio challenged him he said, You shall find me apt enough to that, sir, and you will/ give me occasion. By doing this he wanted to be provoked by Mercutio. He challenged him and ended up killing him. By doing this Romeo got involved. Tybalt said, Romeo, the love I bear thee can afford/ No better term than this: thou are a villain.Boy, this shall not excuse the injuries. That thou hast done me, therefore turn and draw. He is explaining to Romeo that he is a villain and nothing else. Romeo kills Tybalt and as a result of the murder he is banished from Verona. This causes Romeo and Juliet to separate. This is one of the reasons why they both killed themselves. The Capulets (Juliets family) did not play that big a part in the death of the their daughter and Romeo. Although there are a few reasons why they are responsible. The first one being the fact that they tried to force Juliet to marry a man she didnt even know. Her father told her .go with Paris to St Peters Church,/ Or I will drag thee on a hurdle thither./ Out, you green-sickness carrion! out, you baggage!/ you tallow-face! At this point in Act 3 Scene 3 Juliets father is telling her that if she doesnt marry Paris he will drag her to the church. He goes on to say, Hang thee, young baggage, disobedient wretch!/ I tell thee what: get thee to church aThursday./ or never after look me in the face./ speak not, reply not, do not answer me!/ my fingers itch.We have a curse in having her,/ out on her hiding! In this speech, Old Capulet insults Juliet saying that he and Lady Capulet were cursed with having her. He says this because Juliet is objecting to the idea of marrying Paris because sh e is in love with Romeo. Later on in Act 3 Scene 5, Juliet goes to her mother for help, instead she refused to help her daughter by saying, Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word./ Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. This part if the conversation has made Juliet feel as though she has no one to help her out of this marriage. The feud between the two families was a big problem and one of the main reasons why the Romeo and Juliet died. This reason is because both Romeo and Juliet knew that neither of their parents would agree to the marriage. The chorus in the prologue says, Two households, both alike in dignity.From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,/ where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. This quote is giving a description of the two families; it says that civil blood makes civil hands unclean which tells us that there have been a few killings or fights before between the two families. A quote in the play that tells us the families do not get on is when Tybalt says to Benvolio, .I hate hell, all Montagues are thee. This basically tells us that Tybalt hates the Montagues as much as he hates hell. Another of Lady Capulets speeches that we can say could be have led to the deaths Romeo and Juliet is when She says, Ill send on in to Mantua.shall give him such an unaccostomd dram/ That he shall soon kee p Tybalt company. She says to Juliet that she will send poison to Mantua for Romeo to drink. She then says that once he has taken it he will join Tybalt wherever he is. This is an important reason and a big input to the deaths because at this time Juliet was married Romeo and her mother was talking about killing her daughters husband. Obviously Romeo and Juliet played a part in their deaths but I dont think that they were mostly to blame. I say this because they were only teenagers at the time of the marriage. They were both very sure that they loved each other. Romeo said, Then plainly know, my hearts dear love is set/ On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.we wood and make exchange of vow.but this I pray/ That thou consent to marry us today. This is when he explains to Friar Lawrence that he loves Juliet and asks if he can marry the two of them. Straight after Juliet had met Romeo, he overheard her saying, .wherefore art thou Romeo?/ Deny thy father and refuse thy name;/ Or if thou will not, but sworn my love,/ And Ill no longer be a Capulet. In this speech Juliet says that she wants to marry Romeo. She is on her bedroom balcony and he has snuck into the back garden that is how he heard her. This shows that Juliet loves Romeo. The day they get married Romeo kills Tybalt and he confesses to Friar Lawrence by saying, [my] cursed hand/ Murderd her kinsman. When Romeo is in Mantua he hears that Juliet is dead. He goes to an apothecary to get poison. He said, Come cordial and not poison, go with me,/ To Juliets grave, go there I must use thee. This is what he says after he has got the poison from the apothecary. It means that he is going to Juliets tomb and take the poison so that he dies as well. But what he doesnt know is that Juliet has just taken a potion that makes her sleep for twelve hours. When she awakes, she sees Romeo there dead. She says, O happy dagger,/ This is thy sheath;/ there rust, and let me die. She says this as she stabs herself with Romeos dagger. Juliets nurse (Angelica) played an important part in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. She is responsible for many reasons. She plotted with Juliet and encouraged her to marry Romeo. She said to Juliet Then hie thee to Friar Lawrence cell,/ There stays a husband to you make a wife.I am drudge, and toil in your delight. She is telling Juliet that Friar Lawrence has agreed to marry her and Romeo. As an adult she should have known better than to plot behind the Capulets backs. Instead she should have told Juliet that the marriage would only cause more problems if both the Montagues and Capulets found out about it. She also said, Hie to your chamber. Ill find Romeo/ To comfort you, I wot well where he is./ Hark ye, your Romeo will be here at night. This is what Juliets Nurse said to her when she was arranging the wedding night. All this scheming was making the situation a lot worse because it brought the two teenagers closer together. Then Angelica decided to side with Juliets parents when she was told to marry Paris, I think it best you married with the county./ O, hes a lovely gentleman!/ Romeos a dicout to him. She was telling Juliet that Romeo is nothing compared to Paris. After all of the lies and schemes to get Juliet and Romeo married, she decides that the Capulets plan is a lot more suitable for Juliet. The main character who is responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet is Friar Lawrence. He is to blame for several reasons. The first reason being when he says, .Ill thy assistant be:/ For this alliance may so happy prove/ To turn your households rancour to prove love. This is when he agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet. He has agreed to marry them knowing they havent had consent from their parents. His moral obligation as a Friar aswell as an adult should have been to advise Romeo and Juliet about their dilemma, and should have refused to marry them. In thinking that this marriage will fix what is wrong between the two families. When Romeo is banished from Verona, Friar Lawrence told Romeo to just go and he will try and sort things out. When Romeo had gone off to Mantua, Juliet was told the news that she will marry Paris, and as she had no one to confide in she went to Friar Lawrence. He had a plan that Juliet would take a liquid that would stop her heart beating for twelve hours. He said, Thou take this vial, being then in bed,/ And this distilling liquid drink thou off.In the mean time.Shall Romeo by my letters know our drinks,/And hither shall he come, and he and I/ Will watch thy walking, and that very night/ Shall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua. This was the plan he had devised. He thought not only would it get Juliet out of marrying Paris, but it would also reunite her and Romeo. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy because there are a lot of deaths. Two of the deaths are of the main characters, Romeo and Juliet. I think the least responsible person for their deaths is the Prince of Verona. The second least responsible is Paris. Fate is the third least to blame for the deaths and the fourth is Mercutio. I think Tybalt is as equally responsible as Mercutio. The Capulets and the feud between the Capulets and Montagues are also equally to blame. Romeo and Juliet are seventh to blame, as it was their idea in the first place. I think Juliet nurse is eighth responsible for the deats of the two teenagers. Friar Lawrence was the most responsible for the two deaths because he plotted and schemed all the way through the play, from the very beginning to the very end.

In the Going and your last drive Hardy Essay Example

In the Going and your last drive Hardy Essay Example In the Going and your last drive Hardy Paper In the Going and your last drive Hardy Paper The sudden loss of a loved one can reveal that a seemingly intimate, idyllic relationship can in fact be complex, distant and lifeless. Thomas Hardy attempts to portray this idea in his works The Going and Your Last Drive. In The Going Hardy illustrates that a feeling of wistful, nostalgic regret results from concentrating on the negative aspects of lost relationships. In Your Last Drive however he indicates that although there may be no afterlife, the dead live on in our memories and through imaginative recreation. Hardy manages to depict these concepts through his intricate control of language. Sudden, unexpected loss can leave one grief stricken, isolated and melancholic. A sense of frustration and blame is created by Hardy in the first stanza of The Going. Hardy questions his lost loved one asking why did you give no hint that she was about to pass away. Angry that she didnt alert him to her imminent death, Hardy harshly blames her using the adverb why. His loved one is said to have been indifferent quite. She ignored his feelings, possibly unconcerned about, and uncaring towards him, as depicted by the adjective indifferent. This feeling Hardy might have returned. Hardy uses euphemisms such as where I could not follow as he doesnt wish to accept his loved ones passing. He attempts to escape reality and isolate himself from the real world; obviously hurt deeply by her death. In the second stanza Hardy begins to grieve and lament. Hardy says how she never bid goodbye. He is sorry that she didnt say farewell to him. This portrays Hardy differently; not angry and blaming but rather sorrowful and regretful. Hardy is said to have been unknowing of her passing and how it altered all. The alliteration of altered all draws attention to huge impact of the death on Hardy. A feeling of torment is created in the third stanza as Hardy states that she made him think that for a breath it is you I see. Hardy momentarily believes he sees his wife; his eyes are seeing what he wants, to be able to view his wife again. The alliteration of darkening dankness portrays Hardys state of mind: bleak, sombre and gloomy. However in the end Hardy only sees yawning blankness which sickens him, illustrating his intense yearn for another moment with her. The comfort and support of a loving relationship can be easily lost due to negligence. A feeling of wistful, nostalgic regret results from concentrating on the negative aspects of lost relationships. Returning back to the early years of their relationship, Hardy attempts to remember the positives of their marriage in the fourth stanza. He describes how his wife (the swan-necked one) would muse and eye him. The verb muse shows that Hardy was captivated by her youth and beauty. In the fifth stanza, in contrast to the previous, Hardy turns to the negatives in their marriage, wondering why they didnt revive the original joys. Hardy asks whydid we not speak, illustrating their neglect. Hardy wonders why they didnt remember those days long dead. The adjective dead suggests that the initial happiness of the start of the relationship didnt continue. However, it could also portray how the marriage was almost lifeless and empty due to their disregard and mistreatment. Hardy regrets that he and his wife didnt seek to strive that times renewal. This shows that they didnt attempt to revive their initial feelings or rekindle their romance. Emotionally struggling in the last stanza, Hardy cant get over his grief. He states how alls past amend, illustrating his inability to repair his relationship with his wife due to her passing. I seem but a dead man Hardy says: ready to sink down soon. This shows that Hardy is waiting for the end, for death to take him and rid him of his pain and bereavement. The punctuation (ellipsis and hyphen) and fragmented syntax in the last stanza breaks down the poems rhythm. It also helps to portray Hardys factored thoughts and inability to order his emotions. In the last line of the poem Hardy states that he didnt expect that his wifes passing would undo me so. Hardy didnt think that her death would distress him as immensely as they had grown apart. The tragedy of loss can leave one pondering over their past actions; lifeless, depressed and confused. We sometimes use our imaginations as a means of escaping the grief and suffering of tragic loss. In Your Last Drive Hardy creates a bleak, reminiscent mood throughout the poem. Hardy establishes a setting by the moorway portraying a sense of desolation and isolation. The adjective undiscerned is used to describe the deceased, showing that she wasnt to know that she would be in a week the face of the dead. This illustrates that one will never pinpoint the exact date they will pass away. Hardy contrasts the face of the dead with that haloed view, between death and heaven, foreshadowing her imminent death. Like in The Going Hardy uses euphemisms instead of describing her graveyard. The resting-place is said to have been alien from you [the deceased]. The adjective alien emphasises the deceaseds ignorance of her impending death. In the third stanza Hardy describes how he was unable to read the writing upon your face. Hardy wishes to illustrate that you cant foresee a persons passing, oblivious until they have gone. Hardy in the fourth stanza portrays the lack of communication between the living and the dead. Hardy uses the speech of the deceased to bring back the lost persons voice, creating intimacy and complexity. The loved one says how I shall not know emphasising the ignorance of the dead. In the last stanza Hardy agrees with the dear ghost stating that never youll know. This inversion emphasises that never will the dead be alert to the livings problems. The last line of the poem is full of juxtaposition with Hardy saying you are past love, praise, indifference, blame. This emphasises the tension and conflict in complex relationships. Hardy is unsure of how to remember his wife now that she has passed away; whether to remember the positives or negatives of their marriage. At the sudden conclusion of an intimate, complex relationship, confusion and reminiscence reign. Hardy attempts to show the complexity and tension in relationships that once seemed intimate and idyllic. In The Going and Your Last Drive Hardy tries to portray the effects loss has on the one left behind. He shows that one is left frustrated, grieving and lifeless after the loss of those closest to them.

Fireflies, Family Lampyridae

Fireflies, Family Lampyridae Who hasn’t chased a blinking firefly on a warm summer night? As children, we captured their luminescence in glass jars to make insect lanterns. Unfortunately, these beacons of childhood seem to be disappearing due to habitat loss and the interference of manmade lights. Fireflies, or lightning bugs as some call them, belong to the family Lampyridae. Description: Fireflies are usually black or brown, with elongate bodies. If you handle one, youll notice they feel somewhat soft, unlike many other kinds of beetles. Hold it gently, as its quite easy to squish. When viewed from above, the Lampyrids seem to conceal their heads with a large shield. This feature, an extended pronotum, characterizes the firefly family. If you examine the underside of a firefly, you should find the first abdominal segment is complete (undivided by the hind legs, unlike in ground beetles). In most, but not all fireflies, the last two or three abdominal segments look quite different from the others. These segments are modified as light-producing organs. Firefly larvae live in moist, dark places – in the soil, under tree bark, and even in swampy areas. Like their adult counterparts, larvae glow. In fact, fireflies produce light in all stages of their life cycles. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – ColeopteraFamily – Lampyridae Diet: Most adult fireflies do not feed at all. Firefly larvae live in the soil, preying on snails, grubs, cutworms, and other soil-dwellers. They inject their prey with digestive enzymes that paralyze and break down the bodies, and then consume the liquefied remains. Some fireflies eat mites or even pollen. Life Cycle: Fireflies typically lay their eggs in damp soil. Eggs hatch within weeks, and larvae overwinter. Fireflies may remain in the larval stage for several years before pupating in the spring. In ten days to a few weeks, adults emerge from the pupal cases. Adults live just long enough to reproduce. Special Adaptations and Defenses: Fireflies are best known for their coolest adaptation – they produce light. Male fireflies flash their abdomens in species-specific patterns, hoping to attract the attention of a female hiding in the grass. An interested female will return the pattern, helping guide the male to her in the darkness. Some females use this behavior for more sinister means. A female of one species will purposefully mimic the flash patterns of another species, luring a male of another kind to her. When he arrives, she eats him. Male fireflies are rich with defensive chemicals, which she consumes and uses to protect her eggs. Most females dont practice cannibalism, though. In fact, since females live just a few days spent waiting in the grass for a mate, some dont even bother to develop wings. Firefly females may look just like larvae, but with compound eyes. Many fireflies use foul-tasting defensive compounds to deter predators, like jumping spiders or even birds. These steroids, called lucibufagins, cause the predator to vomit, an experience it wont soon forget when it next encounters a firefly. Range and Distribution: Fireflies live in both temperate and tropical climates throughout the world. About 2,000 species of Lampyrids are known globally.